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Eckart Stolle Offline

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Beiträge: 103

05.09.2008 11:33
Platypus (Schnabeltier) Genom entschlüsselt Antworten
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v45...ature06936.html

Nature 453, 175-183 (8 May 2008) | doi:10.1038/nature06936; Received 14 September 2007; Accepted 25 March 2008

Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution.

We present a draft genome sequence of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus. This monotreme exhibits a fascinating combination of reptilian and mammalian characters. For example, platypuses have a coat of fur adapted to an aquatic lifestyle; platypus females lactate, yet lay eggs; and males are equipped with venom similar to that of reptiles. Analysis of the first monotreme genome aligned these features with genetic innovations. We find that reptile and platypus venom proteins have been co-opted independently from the same gene families; milk protein genes are conserved despite platypuses laying eggs; and immune gene family expansions are directly related to platypus biology. Expansions of protein, non-protein-coding RNA and microRNA families, as well as repeat elements, are identified. Sequencing of this genome now provides a valuable resource for deep mammalian comparative analyses, as well as for monotreme biology and conservation.

Dazu die NatureNews Story:
Top billing for platypus at end of evolution tree - Monotreme's genome shares features with mammals, birds and reptiles.
http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080507/i...53138a-i1.0.jpg

ScienceNews Story:
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/320/5877/730
Eckart Stolle Offline

Administrator

Beiträge: 103

05.09.2008 11:35
#2 Weitere Platypus Arbeiten Antworten

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v43...ature03021.html

Grützner et al. 2004
In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes.

Two centuries after the duck-billed platypus was discovered, monotreme chromosome systems remain deeply puzzling. Karyotypes of males1, or of both sexes2, 3, 4, were claimed to contain several unpaired chromosomes (including the X chromosome) that form a multi-chromosomal chain at meiosis. Such meiotic chains exist in plants5 and insects6 but are rare in vertebrates7. How the platypus chromosome system works to determine sex and produce balanced gametes has been controversial for decades1, 2, 3, 4. Here we demonstrate that platypus have five male-specific chromosomes (Y chromosomes) and five chromosomes present in one copy in males and two copies in females (X chromosomes). These ten chromosomes form a multivalent chain at male meiosis, adopting an alternating pattern to segregate into XXXXX-bearing and YYYYY-bearing sperm. Which, if any, of these sex chromosomes bears one or more sex-determining genes remains unknown. The largest X chromosome, with homology to the human X chromosome, lies at one end of the chain, and a chromosome with homology to the bird Z chromosome lies near the other end. This suggests an evolutionary link between mammal and bird sex chromosome systems, which were previously thought to have evolved independently.

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